DATE |
TOPIC |
READING
|
January 23 |
Review Syllabus and Course Policies
Autonomic Nervous System
We will only peripherally mention types of cholinergic and adrenergic receptors (page 543). For example, you will NOT be responsible for knowing all of the locations of these receptor types (Table 14.3).
PLEASE NOTE that if you are a student who did not take BIOL 312 (or a comparable course), you will need to spend some considerable time learning the anatomy of the central, peripheral and autonomic nervous systems to understand what will be reviewed in this first lecture. If you should have questions, please ask Dr. Westphal or your laboratory instructor to receive guidance regarding how to improve your foundational knowledge on this topic.
OBJECTIVES
Illustrate the autonomic nervous system and explain its relationship to the somatic nervous system. (Can you easily reproduce and explain Figure 14.2 on page 534?)
Compare the somatic and autonomic nervous systems relative to effectors, efferent pathways, and neurotransmitters released. (Can you easily reproduce and explain Figure 14.2 on page 534?)
Compare and contrast the functions of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions. (How well do you know the information in Table 14.1?)
For the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions, describe the site of CNS origin
(Can you easily reproduce and explain Figure 14.3 on page 535?), locations of ganglia
(You will NOT be responsible for knowing the names of the many ganglia, i.e. ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, otic, celiac as depicted in Figures 14.4 and 14.5 on pages 537 and 539),and general fiber pathways.
Interpret differences between cholinergic and adrenergic fibers, and list the different types of their receptors. (How well do you know the information in Table 14.3?)
Describe the clinical importance of drugs that mimic or inhibit adrenergic or cholinergic effects. (How well do you know the information in Table 14.4? You will NOT be held responsible for the names of the individual drugs in this Table.)
State the effects of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions on various organs of the body (especially the baldder, since will be discussed in class). (Can you easily reproduce and explain the information in Table 14.5 on page 546 of the Marieb textbook; and Figures 25-20a and 25-20b?)
Describe autonomic nervous system controls. (How well can you explain the information in Figure 14.9?)
Explain the relationship of some types of hypertension, Raynauds disease, and the mass reflex reaction to disorders of autonomic functioning.
Describe some effects of aging on the autonomic nervous system.
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Syllabus and Course Policies on webpage.
Marieb: Pages 532 – 554
and 1027 - 1028
Slides
Download this Sympathetic Pathways Picture
and these two figures from the textbook
Figure 25.20a
Figure 25.20b
Tutor Schedule
(I would HIGHLY recommend those of you who did not take BIOL 312 make an appointment with one of these tutors very, very soon.)
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January 25 |
The Endocrine System
Learning about the physiology of the endocrine system requires considerable integration.
Reproducing drawings, tables and flow charts in this chapter may prove to be particularly helpful.
OBJECTIVES
Indicate important differences between hormonal and neural controls of body functioning. (We discussed this in lecture, and placed some of this information on the board.)
List the major endocrine organs, and describe their body locations. (Are you able to label Figure 16.1, and are you familiar with most of the information in the tables in Chapter 16? [Table 16.1a, Table 16.1b, Table 16.1c, Table 16.1d, Table 16.2a, Table 16.2b, Table 16.3a, Table 16.3b, Table 16.4a, and Table 16.4b])
Distinguish between circulating hormones and local hormones. (What is the difference between a hormone, an autocrine and a paracrine?)
Describe how hormones are classified chemically. (Are you able to complete the table [provided in your lecture slides] that differentiates peptide and steroid hormones?)
Define, and provide examples of, up-regulation and down-regulation.
Describe the two major mechanisms by which hormones bring about their effects on their target tissues. (What is the difference between a second messenger system and a system that utilizes intracellular receptors?)
List three kinds of interactions that different hormones acting on the same target cell can have. (What is the difference between permissiveness, synergism, and antagonism?)
Explain how hormone release is regulated. (Can you provide examples of hormones that are released comparable to the mechansims illustrated in Figure 16.5?)
Describe structural and functional relationships between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. (Are you able to reproduce, and explain, a figure comparable to Figure 16.6?)
List and describe the chief effects of adenohypophyseal hormones. (Are you able to explain the information in Table 16.1?)
Discuss the structure of the neurohypophysis, and describe the effects of the two hormones it releases. (Are you able to explain the information in Table 16.1?)
Describe important effects of the two groups of hormones produced by the thyroid gland. Follow the process of thyroxine formation and release. (Are you able to explain the information in Table 16.2? Are you able to reproduce, and explain, a figure comparable to Figure 16.9?)
Explain how parathyroid hormone helps to maintain plasma calcium levels. (Are you able to reproduce, and explain a figure comparable to Figure 16.12?)
List hormones produced by the adrenal gland, and cite their physiological effects. (Are you able to explain the information in Table 16.3? )
Compare and contrast the effects of the two major pancreatic hormones. (Are you able to reproduce, and explain, a figure comparable to Figure 16.18? Are you able to explain the information in Figure 16.19? )
Describe the functional roles of hormones of the testes and ovaries.
Briefly describe the importance of thymic hormones in immunity.
Name a hormone produced by the heart, and localize enteroendocrine cells.
Briefly explain the hormonal functions of the placenta, kidney, skin, and adipose tissue.
Describe the effect of aging on endocrine system functioning.
Define prohormone.
Explain what it means if a hormone is described as being “trophic”.
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Marieb: Pages 604 - 645
Slides
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January 28 |
The Endocrine System
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Marieb: Pages 604 - 643
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January 30 |
The Endocrine System |
Marieb: Pages 604 - 643
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February 1 |
Blood and Hemostasis
OBJECTIVES
Describe the composition and physical characteristics of whole blood.
(Are you able to reproduce, and explain, a labelled figure comparable to Figure 17.1?)
Explain why blood is classified as a connective tissue.
List the many functions performed by blood, and explain how these functions are accomplished.
Discuss the composition and functions of plasma. (Are you able to explain the information in Table 17.1? )
Describe how the structure of a red blood cell contributes to its ability to perform its functions. (Are you able to reproduce, and explain a figure comparable to Figure 17.3?)
Explain the erythropoietic process, to include where it takes place, how long it takes, and what serves as a stimulus. (Are you able to reproduce, and explain, figures comparable to Figure 17.5, Figure 17.6, and Figure 17.7?)
Describe how the chemical makeup of hemoglobin contributes to the function of a typical red blood cell.
List the classes, structural characteristics, and functions of leukocytes. (Are you able to reproduce, and explain a figure comparable to Figure 17.9?)
Describe leukocyte genesis. (Are you able to reproduce, and explain a figure comparable to Figure 17.11?)
Describe the structure, function, and genesis of platelets. (Are you able to reproduce, and explain a figure comparable to Figure 17.12?)
Compare and contrast the formed elemenst of the blood based on shape, size, numbers, lifespan and function. (Are you able to reproduce, and explain a Table comparable to Table 17.2a and Table 17.2b?)
Give examples of disorders caused by abnormalities of each of the formed elements. Explain the mechanism of each disorder.
Describe the process of hemostasis.
List factors that limit clot formation and prevent undesirable clotting.
Explain the causes of selected hemostatic disorders.
Explain what contributes to the ABO and Rh blood groups.
Explain the basis of transfusion reactions. (Are you able to reproduce, and explain a figure comparable to Figure 17.15?)
Describe the function of blood expanders and the circumstances for their use.
Explain the diagnostic importance of blood testing.
Describe changes in the sites of blood production and in the type of hemoglobin produced after birth.
Name some blood disorders that become more common with age.
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Marieb: Pages 646 - 676
Slides
|
February 4 |
Blood and Hemostasis
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Marieb: Pages 646 - 676 |
February 6 |
The Cardiovascular System: The Heart
OBJECTIVES
Describe the size, shape, location, and orientation of the heart in the thorax.
Name the coverings of the heart. (Are you able to reproduce and explain Figure 18.2?)
Describe the structure and function of each of the three layers of the heart wall.
Describe the structure and functions of the four heart chambers.
Name the vessel(s) associated with each of the chambers of the heart. (Are you able to reproduce and explain Figure 18.4b, Figure 18.4d, and Figure 18.4e?)
Trace the pathway of blood through the heart. (Are you able to reproduce and explain Figure 18.5?)
Describe the anatomy of the coronary vasculature. (Are you able to reproduce and explain Figure 18.7?)
Compare and contrast the location, function, and mechanism of operation of the various valves of the heart. (Are you able to reproduce and explain Figure 18.8a, Figure 18.9, and Figure 18.10?
Compare and contrast cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle based upon their structural and functional properties. (Are you able to reproduce and explain Figure 18.11?)
Compare and contrast pacemaker potentials and the action potetnials observed in cardiac muscle cells. (Are you able to reproduce and explain Figure 18.12 and Figure 18.13?)
Describe the contraction events of a typical cardiac muscle cell.
Name the components of the conduction system of the heart. (Are you able to reproduce and explain Figure 18.14?)
Trace the conduction pathway of an action potential through the conduction system of the heart.
Draw a diagram of a normal electrocardiogram tracing that includes the names of the individual waves and intervals. (Are you able to reproduce and explain Figure 18.16?)
Explain what mechanical event(s) coincides with the waves and intervals associated with a typical electrocardiogram tracing. (Are you able to reproduce and explain Figure 18.20?)
Name some abnormalities that can be detected on an ECG tracing.
Describe the timing and events of the cardiac cycle.
Describe normal heart sounds, and explain how heart murmurs differ.
Name and explain the effects of various factors regulating stroke volume and heart rate. (Are you able to reproduce and explain Figure 18.23?)
Explain the role of the autonomic nervous system in regulating heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output. (Are you able to reproduce and explain Figure 18.22?)
Describe fetal heart formation, and indicate how the fetal heart differs from the adult heart.
Provide examples of age-related changes in heart function.
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Marieb: Pages 677 - 712
Slides
|
February 11 |
The Cardiovascular System: The Heart
|
Marieb: Pages 677 - 712 |
February 13 |
The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels
OBJECTIVES
Describe the three layers that typically form the wall of a blood vessel, and state the function of each.
Define vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
Compare and contrast the structure and function of the three types of arteries.
Describe the structure and function of veins, and explain how veins differ from arteries.
Describe the structure and function of a capillary bed.
Define blood flow, blood pressure, and resistance, and explain the relationships between these factors.
List and explain the factors that influence blood pressure, and describe how blood pressure is regulated.
Define hypertension. Describe its symptoms and consequences.
Explain how blood flow is regulated in the body in general and in its specific organs.
Outline factors involved in capillary dynamics, and explain the significance of each.
Define circulatory shock. List several possible causes.
Trace the pathway of blood through the pulmonary circuit, and state the importance of this special circulation.
Describe the general functions of the systemic circuit. Name and give the location of the major arteries and veins in the systemic circulation.
Describe the structure and special function of the hepatic portal system.
Explain how blood vessels develop in the fetus.
Provide examples of changes that often occur in blood vessels as a person ages.
This is the last day to:
1. register for classes on CyberBear.
2. add classes on CyberBear.
3. change credit in variable credit courses on CyberBear.
4. change grade options or drop classes on CyberBear with a refund.
5. submit an override form for adds.
6. withdraw from the University (drop all courses) with a partial refund.
7. change a course grading option to AUDIT.
http://cyberbear.umt.edu/instructions/calendar_spring_2008.htm
|
Marieb: Pages 713 - 772
Slides
|
February 15 |
The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels |
Marieb: Pages 713 - 772 |
February 18 |
HOLIDAY FOR PRESIDENT WASHINGTON AND PRESIDENT LINCOLN
|
February 20 |
The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels |
Marieb: Pages 713 - 772 |
FEBRUARY 21
|
EXAMINATION #1
! PLEASE NOTE -THIS IS A THURSDAY EVENING !
2005 Examination #1 without answers
2005 Examination #1 with answers
2006 Examination #1 without answers
2006 Examination #1 with answers
|
NORTH UNDERGROUND LECTURE HALL
6:00 –
7:30 PM
ESL and DSS students may take the examination in HS101.
|
February 22 |
Lymphatic System
OBJECTIVES
List the functions of the lymphatic system.
Describe the structure and distribution of lymphatic vessels, and note their important functions.
Describe the source of lymph and mechanism(s) of lymph transport.
Describe the basic structure and cellular population of lymphoid tissue, and name the major lymphoid organs.
Describe the general location, histological structure, and functions of lymph nodes.
Name and describe the other lymphoid organs of the body. Compare and contrast them with lymph nodes, structurally and functionally.
Outline lymphatic system development.
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Marieb: Pages 773 - 787
Slides
|
February 25 |
Lymphatic System
|
Marieb: Pages 773 - 787 |
February 27 |
Immune System
OBJECTIVES
Describe surface membrane barriers and their protective functions
Explain the importance of phagocytosis and natural killer cells in nonspecific body defense.
Describe the inflammatory process. Identify several inflammatory chemicals and indicate their specific roles.
Name the body’s antimicrobial substances and describe their function.
Explain how fever helps protect the body.
Define antigen and describe how antigens affect the immune system.
Define complete antigen, hapten, and antigenic determinant.
Follow antigen processing in the body.
Compare and contrast the origin, maturation process, and general function of B and T lymphocytes.
Describe the role of macrophages and other phagocytes.
Define immunocompetence and self-tolerance.
Define humoral immunity.
Describe the process of clonal selection of a B cell.
Recount the roles of plasma cells and memory cells in humoral immunity.
Compare and contrast active and passive humoral immunity.
Describe the structure of an antibody monomer, and name the five classes of antibodies.
Explain the function(s) of antibodies and describe clinical uses of monoclonal antibodies.
Define cell-mediated immunity and describe the process of activation and clonal selection of T cells.
Describe T cell functions in the body.
Indicate the tests ordered before an organ transplant is done, and methods used to prevent transplant rejection.
Give examples of immune deficiency diseases and of hypersensitivity states.
Cite factors involved in autoimmune disease.
Describe changes in immunity that occur with aging.
Briefly describe the role of the nervous system in regulating the immune response.
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Marieb: Pages 788 - 829
Slides
|
February 29 |
Immune System
|
Marieb: Pages 788 - 829 |
Are you interested in serving as an Undergraduate Teaching Assistant
for BIOL 312 and BIOL 313 next year?
Download this application and return it to Dr. Westphal's office by 5 April.
 Blank applications are also available
outside the door of Dr. Westphal's office (HS 111). |
March 3 |
Immune System
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Marieb: Pages 788 - 829 |
| March 4 |
This is the last day to drop courses with
instructor/advisor signatures on a drop/add form.
A WP or WF will appear on transcript for courses dropped after March 5.
A $10 fee will be assessed for each drop and each add.
After 4:30 on this day,
classes may be added or dropped or grade options changed only by petition.
If approved, you will be assessed a $10 charge for each drop and each add.
http://cyberbear.umt.edu/instructions/calendar_spring_2008.htm
|
|
March 5 |
Immune System
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Marieb: Pages 788 - 829
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March 7 |
Respiratory System
OBJECTIVES
Identify the organs forming the respiratory passageway(s) in descending order until the alveoli are reached. Distinguish between conducting and respiratory zone structures.
List and describe several protective mechanisms of the respiratory system.
Describe the makeup of the respiratory membrane, and relate structure to function.
Describe the gross structure of the lungs and pleurae
Relate Boyles law to events of inspiration and expiration.
Explain the relative roles of the respiratory muscles and lung elasticity in producing the volume changes that cause air to flow into and out of the lungs.
Explain the functional importance of the partial vacuum that exists in the intrapleural space.
List several physical factors that influence pulmonary ventilation.
Explain and compare the various lung volumes and capacities. Indicate types of information that can be gained from pulmonary function tests.
Define dead space.
State Dalton’s law of partial pressures and Henrys law.
Describe how atmospheric and alveolar air differ in composition, and explain these differences.
Relate Daltons and Henrys laws to events of external and internal respiration.
Describe how oxygen is transported in the blood, and explain how oxygen loading and unloading is affected by temperature, pH, BPG, and PCO2 .
Describe carbon dioxide transport in the blood.
Describe the neural controls of respiration.
Compare and contrast the influences of lung reflexes, volition, emotions, arterial pH, and arterial partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide on respiratory rate and depth.
Compare and contrast the hyperpnea of exercise with involuntary hyperventilation.
Describe the process and effects of acclimatization to high altitude.
Compare the causes and consequences of chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, and lung cancer.
Trace the embryonic development of the respiratory system.
Describe normal changes that occur in the respiratory system from infancy to old age.
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Marieb: Pages 830 - 881
Slides |
March 10 |
Respiratory System
|
Marieb: Pages 830 - 881 |
March 12 |
Respiratory System
|
Marieb: Pages 830 - 881 |
March 14 |
Respiratory System
|
Marieb: Pages 830 - 881 |
March 17 |
Respiratory System |
Marieb: Pages 830 - 881 |
March 19 |
Respiratory System |
Marieb: Pages 830 - 881 |
MARCH 20
|
EXAMINATION #2
! PLEASE NOTE - THIS IS A THURSDAY EVENING !
2005 Examination #2 without answers
2005 Examination #2 with answers
2006 Examination #2 without answers
2006 Examination #2 with answers
The exam will cover pages 652 - 772 in the Marieb textbook.
|
NORTH UNDERGROUND LECTURE HALL
6:00 –
7:30 PM
ESL and DSS students may take the examination in HS101.
|
March 21 |
Urinary System
OBJECTIVES
Describe the gross anatomy of the kidney and its coverings.
Trace the blood supply through the kidney.
Describe the anatomy of a nephron.
List several kidney functions that help maintain body homeostasis.
Identify the nephron parts responsible for filtration, reabsorption, and secretion, and describe mechanisms underlying each of these functional processes.
Explain the role of aldosterone and of atrial natriuretic peptide in sodium and water balance.
Describe the mechanism responsible for the medullary osmotic gradient.
Explain formation of dilute versus concentrated urine.
Describe the normal physical and chemical properties of urine.
List several abnormal urine components, and name the condition when each is present in detectable amounts.
Describe the general location, structure, and function of the ureters.
Describe the general location, structure, and function of the urinary bladder.
Describe the general location, structure, and function of the urethra.
Compare the course, length, and functions of the male urethra with those of the female.
Define micturition and describe its neural control.
Trace the embryonic development of the urinary organs.
List several changes in urinary system anatomy and physiology that occur with age.
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Marieb: Pages 997 - 1034
Slides
Unlabelled nephron figures
|
March 24 |
SPRING BREAK
|
March 26 |
March 28 |
March 31 |
Urinary System
|
Marieb: Pages 997 – 1034 |
April 2 |
Urinary System
|
Marieb: Pages 997 – 1034 |
April 4 |
Urinary System
|
Marieb: Pages 997 – 1034 |
April 7 |
Urinary System
|
Marieb: Pages 997 – 1034 |
April 9 |
Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance
OBJECTIVES
List the factors that determine body water content and describe the effect of each factor.
Indicate the relative fluid volume and solute composition of the fluid compartments of the body.
Contrast the overall osmotic effects of electrolytes and nonelectrolytes.
Describe factors that determine fluid shifts in the body.
List the routes by which water enters and leaves the body.
Describe feedback mechanisms that regulate water intake and hormonal controls of water output in urine.
Explain the importance of obligatory water losses.
Describe possible causes and consequences of dehydration, hypotonic hydration, and edema.
Indicate the routes of electrolyte entry and loss from the body.
Describe the importance of ionic sodium in fluid and electrolyte balance of the body, and indicate its relationship to normal cardiovascular system functioning.
Describe mechanisms involved in regulating sodium and water balance.
Explain how potassium, calcium, and anion balance of plasma is regulated.
List important sources of acids in the body.
List the three major chemical buffer systems of the body and describe how they resist pH changes.
Describe the influence of the respiratory system on acid-base balance.
Describe how the kidneys regulate hydrogen and bicarbonate ion concentrations in the blood.
Distinguish between acidosis and alkalosis resulting from respiratory and metabolic factors. Describe the importance of respiratory and renal compensations to acid-base balance.
Explain why infants and the aged are at greater risk for fluid and electrolyte imbalances than are young adults.
|
Marieb: Pages 1035 - 1064
Slides
|
April 11 |
Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance |
Marieb: Pages 1035 - 1064 |
April 14
|
Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance
|
Marieb: Pages 1035 - 1064
|
April 16 |
Digestive System
OBJECTIVES
Describe the function of the digestive system, and differentiate between organs of the alimentary canal and accessory digestive organs.
List and define the major processes occurring during digestive system activity.
Describe the location and function of the peritoneum. Define retroperitoneal and name the retroperitoneal organs.
Describe the tissue composition and the general function of each of the four layers of the alimentary canal.
Describe the anatomy and basic function of each organ and accessory organ of the alimentary canal.
Explain the dental formula and differentiate clearly between deciduous and permanent teeth.
Describe the composition and functions of saliva, and explain how salivation is regulated.
Describe the mechanisms of chewing and swallowing.
Identify structural modifications of the wall of the stomach and small intestine that enhance the digestive process in these regions.
Describe the composition of gastric juice, name the cell types responsible for secreting its components, and indicate the importance of each component in stomach activity.
Explain regulation of gastric secretion and stomach motility.
Describe the function of local intestinal hormones.
State the roles of bile and of pancreatic juice in digestion.
Describe how entry of pancreatic juice and bile into the small intestine is regulated.
List the major functions of the large intestine, and describe the regulation of defecation.
List the enzymes involved in chemical digestion; name the foodstuffs on which they act and the end products of protein, fat, carbohydrate, and nucleic acid digestion.
Describe the process of absorption of digested foodstuffs that occurs in the small intestine.
Describe abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract at different stages of life.
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Marieb: Pages 882 - 941
Slides
|
April 18 |
Digestive System
|
Marieb: Pages 882 - 941 |
April 21 |
Digestive System |
Marieb: Pages 882 - 941 |
April 23 |
Digestive System |
Marieb: Pages 882 - 941 |
April 25 |
Digestive System |
Marieb: Pages 882 - 941 |
April 28 |
Reproductive System
OBJECTIVES
Describe the common function of the male and female reproductive systems.
Describe the structure and function of the testes, and explain the importance of their location in the scrotum.
Describe the structure of the penis, and indicate its role in the reproductive process.
Describe the location, structure, and function of the accessory reproductive organs of the male.
Discuss the sources and functions of semen.
Describe the phases of the male sexual response.
Define meiosis. Compare and contrast it to mitosis.
Outline events of spermatogenesis.
Discuss hormonal regulation of testicular function and the physiological effects of testosterone on male reproductive anatomy.
Describe the location, structure, and function of the ovaries.
Describe the location, structure, and function of each of the organs of the female reproductive duct system.
Describe the anatomy of the female external genitalia.
Discuss the structure and function of the mammary glands.
Describe the process of oogenesis and compare it to spermatogenesis.
Describe ovarian cycle phases, and relate them to events of oogenesis.
Describe the regulation of the ovarian and uterine cycles.
Discuss the physiological effects of estrogens and progesterone.
Describe the phases of female sexual response.
Indicate the infectious agents and modes of transmission of gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, genital warts, and genital herpes. < |
