DATE

2008 BIOL 312 – Human Anatomy and Physiology

Lecture Schedule

Textbook: Marieb, E.N. Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7th Edition, Benjamin/Cummings, San Francisco, 2007

All lecture classes are taught in Urey Lecture Hall from 11:10 – 12 noon.

All lectures are audio recorded and placed on the Web in mp3 format and available for download by students. Click on this link to learn how to access these audio recordings.

If you have difficulty accessing these recordings, please contact Randy Gottfried, randy.gottfried@umontana.edu, or Adam Carroll adam.carroll@umontana.edu (ext 4875). Dr. Westphal DOES NOT maintain this site.

DATE	TOPIC	READING
August 25	Review Syllabus and Course Policies The Human Body: An Orientation OBJECTIVES An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology Define anatomy and physiology and describe their subdivisions. Explain the principle of complementarity. Levels of Structural Organization Name the different levels of structural organization that make up the human body, and explain their relationships. List the 11 organ systems of the body, identify their components, and briefly explain the major function(s) of each system. Maintaining Life List the functional characteristics necessary to maintain life in humans. List the survival needs of the body. Homeostasis Define homeostasis and explain its significance. Describe how negative and positive feedback maintain body homeostasis. Describe the relationship between homeostatic imbalance and disease. The Language of Anatomy Describe the anatomical position. Use correct anatomical terms to describe body directions, regions, and body planes or sections. Locate and name the major body cavities and their subdivisions, and list the major organs contained within them. Name the serous membranes and indicate their common function. Name the nine regions or four quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity and list the organs they contain.	Syllabus and Course Policies on webpage. Marieb: Pages 1 - 23 Slides
August 27	Cells: The Living Units OBJECTIVES Overview of the Cellular Basis of Life Define cell. List the three major regions of a generalized cell and indicate the function of each. The Plasma Membrane: Structure Describe the chemical composition of the plasma membrane and relate it to membrane functions. Compare the structure and function of tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions. The Plasma Membrane: Functions Relate plasma membrane structure to active and passive transport mechanisms. Differentiate between these transport processes relative to energy source, substances transported, direction, and mechanism. Define membrane potential and explain how the resting membrane potential is maintained. Describe the role of the glycocalyx when cells interact with their environment. List several roles of membrane receptors. The Cytoplasm Describe the composition of the cytosol; define inclusions and list several types. Discuss the structure and function of mitochondria. Discuss the structure and function of ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus including functional interrelationships among these organelles. Compare the functions of lysosomes and peroxisomes. Name and describe the structure and function of cytoskeletal elements. The Nucleus Outline the structure and function of the nuclear envelope, nucleolus, and chromatin. Extracellular Materials Name and describe the composition of extracellular materials. Developmental Aspects of Cells Discuss some theories of cell differentiation and aging.	Marieb: Pages 64 – 77 Pages 81 – 97 Pages 111 – 116 Slides *Please note that we will not cover Cell Growth and Reproduction. It is expected that you can comprehend the phases of the cell life cycle from required prerequisite courses.*
August 29	Cells: The Living Units	Marieb: Pages 64 – 77 Pages 81 – 97 Pages 111 – 116
September 1	LABOR DAY HOLIDAY
September 3	Cells: The Living Units	Marieb: Pages 64 – 77 Pages 81 – 97 Pages 111 – 116
September 5	Tissue: The Living Fabric Embryonic Membranes OBJECTIVES Epithelial Tissue List several structural and functional characteristics of epithelial tissue. Name, classify, and describe the various types of epithelia; also indicate their chief function(s) and location(s). Define gland. Differentiate between exocrine and endocrine glands and multicellular and unicellular glands. Describe how multicellular exocrine glands are classified structurally and functionally. Connective Tissue Indicate common characteristics of connective tissue, and list and describe its structural elements. Describe the types of connective tissue found in the body, and indicate their characteristic functions. Nervous Tissue Indicate the general characteristics of nervous tissue. Muscle Tissue Compare and contrast the structures and body locations of the three types of muscle tissue. Covering and Lining Membranes Describe the structure and function of cutaneous, mucous, and serous membranes. Tissue Repair Outline the process of tissue repair involved in normal healing of a superficial wound. Developmental Aspects of Tissues Indicate the embryonic origin of each tissue class. Briefly describe tissue changes that occur with age. Events of Embryonic Development: Gastrula to Fetus Describe gastrulation and its consequence. Define organogenesis and indicate the important roles of the three primary germ layers in this process.	Marieb: Pages 117 – 150 Marieb: Pages 1123 – 1128 Table 28.1 NOTE: I will not be going through all of these slides in detail since you have covered much of this information in lab. SO, KNOW YOUR TISSUES!! You will definitely be expected to know all of the information in chapter 4 for the first lecture examination on 8 October. In lecture, I will be placing greater emphasis on embryonic membranes (page 145 and pages 1123 - 1126 and Table 28.1), the cells and ground substance of connective tissues (pages 127 - 130), tissue repair (pages 142 - 144) and the regenerative capacity of tissue.
September 8	Tissue: The Living Fabric Embryonic Membranes	Marieb: Pages 117 – 150 Marieb: Pages 1123 – 1128 Table 28.1
September 10	Tissue: The Living Fabric Embryonic Membranes	Marieb: Pages 117 – 150 Marieb: Pages 1123 – 1128 Table 28.1
September 12	Tissue: The Living Fabric Embryonic Membranes	Marieb: Pages 117 – 150 Marieb: Pages 1123 – 1128 Table 28.1
September 15	The Integumentary System OBJECTIVES The Skin Name the tissue types composing the epidermis and dermis. List the major layers of each and describe the functions of each layer. Describe the factors that normally contribute to skin color. Briefly describe how changes in skin color may be used as clinical signs of certain disease states. Appendages of the Skin Compare the structure and locations of sweat and oil glands. Also compare the composition and functions of their secretions. Compare and contrast eccrine and apocrine glands. Functions of the Integumentary System Describe how the skin accomplishes at least five different functions. Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin Summarize the characteristics of the three major types of skin cancers. Explain why serious burns are life threatening. Describe how to determine the extent of a burn and differentiate first-, second-, and third-degree burns. Developmental Aspects of the Integumentary System Describe and attempt to explain the causes of changes that occur in the skin from birth to old age.	Marieb: Pages 151 – 159 Pages 163 – 174 Slides
September 17	The Integumentary System	Marieb: Pages 151 – 159 Pages 163 – 174
September 19	Bones and Skeletal Tissue OBJECTIVES Skeletal Cartilages Describe the functional properties of the three types of cartilage tissue. Locate the major cartilages of the adult skeleton. Explain how cartilage grows. Classification of Bones Name the major regions of the skeleton and describe their relative functions. Compare and contrast the structure of the four bone classes and provide examples of each class. Functions of Bones List and describe five important functions of bones. Bone Structure Describe the gross anatomy of a typical long bone and a flat bone. Indicate the locations and functions of red and yellow marrow, articular cartilage, periosteum, and endosteum. Indicate the functional importance of bone markings. Describe the histology of compact and spongy bone. Discuss the chemical composition of bone and the relative advantages conferred by the organic and inorganic components. Bone Development Compare and contrast intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. Describe the process of long bone growth that occurs at the epiphyseal plates. Bone Homeostasis: Remodeling and Repair Compare the locations and remodeling functions of the osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Explain how hormones and physical stress regulate bone remodeling. Describe the steps of fracture repair. Homeostatic Imbalances of Bone Contrast the disorders of bone remodeling seen in osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and Paget’s disease. Developmental Aspects of Bones: Timing of Events Describe the timing and cause of changes in bone architecture and bone mass throughout life.	Marieb: Pages 175 - 201 Slides
September 22	Bones and Skeletal Tissue	Marieb: Pages 175 - 201
September 24	The Skeleton OBJECTIVES Name the major parts of the axial and appendicular skeletons and describe their relative functions. PART 1: THE AXIAL SKELETON The Skull Name, describe, and identify the skull bones. Identify their important markings. Compare and contrast the major functions of the cranium and the facial skeleton. Define the bony boundaries of the orbits, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses. The Vertebral Column Describe the structure of the vertebral column, list its components, and describe its curvatures. Indicate a common function of the spinal curvatures and the intervertebral discs. Discuss the structure of a typical vertebra and describe regional features of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae. The Thoracic Cage Name and describe the bones of the thoracic cage (bony thorax). Differentiate true from false ribs. PART 2: THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle Identify bones forming the pectoral girdle and relate their structure and arrangement to the function of this girdle. Identify important bone markings on the pectoral girdle. The Upper Limb Identify or name the bones of the upper limb and their important markings. The Pelvic (Hip) Girdle Name the bones contributing to the os coxa and relate the pelvic girdle’s strength to its function. Describe differences in the male and female pelves and relate these to functional differences. The Lower Limb Identify the lower limb bones and their important markings. Name the arches of the foot and explain their importance. Developmental Aspects of the Skeleton Define fontanels and indicate their significance. Describe how skeletal proportions change through life. Discuss how age-related skeletal changes may affect health.	Marieb: Pages 202 - 251 Slides
September 26	The Skeleton	Marieb: Pages 202 - 251
September 29	The Skeleton	Marieb: Pages 202 - 251
October 1	The Skeleton	Marieb: Pages 202 - 251
October 2 THURSDAY You do NOT need to bring a Scantron. A Scantron will be provided for you.	EXAMINATION 1 NOTE!!!! NOTE!!!! NOTE!!!! NOTE!!!! 6:00 - 7:30 PM in NULH Please note that you will not be taking the exam in UREY!!!!!!!!!!! 2006 Fall First Examination without answers 2006 Fall First Examination with answers 2005 Fall First Examination without answers 2005 Fall First Examination with answers 2006 Summer First Examination without answers 2006 Summer First Examination with answers	As stated in the BIOL 312 Course Policies: (1) It is entirely possible for lecture and laboratory information to overlap. (2) No student will be allowed to begin any examination later than ten minutes after the scheduled start time for that exam. (3) You have five class days after the grades are returned to dispute a test item, or your examination grade. There will be NO exceptions to this policy.
October 3	Joints OBJECTIVES Define joint or articulation. Classification of Joints Classify joints structurally and functionally. Fibrous Joints Describe the general structure of fibrous joints. Name and give an example of each of the three common types of fibrous joints. Cartilaginous Joints Describe the general structure of cartilaginous joints. Name and give an example of each of the two common types of cartilaginous joints. Synovial Joints Describe the structural characteristics of synovial joints. List three natural factors that stabilize synovial joints. Compare the structures and functions of bursae and tendon sheaths. Name and describe (or perform) the common body movements. Name and provide examples of the six types of synovial joints based on the movement(s) allowed. Describe the elbow, knee, hip, jaw, and shoulder joints relative to articulating bones, anatomical characteristics of the joint, movements allowed, and joint stability. Homeostatic Imbalances of Joints Name the most common joint injuries and discuss the symptoms and problems associated with each. Compare and contrast the common types of arthritis. Developmental Aspects of Joints Discuss factors that promote or disturb joint homeostasis	Marieb: Pages 252 - 278 Slides
October 6	Joints	Marieb: Pages 252 - 278
October 8

October 10	Muscles and Muscle Tissue OBJECTIVES Overview of Muscle Tissues Compare and contrast the basic types of muscle tissue. List four important functions of muscle tissue. Skeletal Muscle Describe the gross structure of a skeletal muscle. Describe the microscopic structure and functional roles of the myofibrils, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and T tubules of muscle fibers (cells).